Primeiros casos de rejeição em transplante penetrante após vacina contra COVID-19 / First cases of penetrating corneal transplant rejection after COVID-19 vaccines

RESUMO Este artigo descreve dois casos de reação imunológica de rejeição de transplante penetrante após a aplicação de dois tipos de vacina contra a COVID-19 - CoronaVac (Sinopharm/Butantan) e MRNA BNT162&2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) - com intervalo de 1 e 10 dias, respectivamente. A rejeição se manifestou com hiperemia, edema corneano e embaçamento da visão, que responderam rapidamente ao uso de corticoide tópico e subconjuntival. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro relato de rejeição de transplante penetrante de córnea pós-vacina anti-COVID-19. Recomendamos, presentemente, como prevenção, colírio de prednisolona a 1% 4 dias antes e durante 2 semanas após receber qualquer tipo de vacina para a COVID-19.

ABSTRACT This paper describes two cases of allograft corneal transplant rejection after the application of two types of COVID-19 vaccines - Coronavac (Sinopharm/Butantan) and MRNA BNT162&2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccines - with an interval of 1 to 10 days, respectively. The rejection manifested in the form of corneal edema, hyperemia and blurred vision, which responded rapidly to the use of topical and subconjunctival corticosteroid. As far as we know, this is the first published report of immunological rejection of penetrating corneal transplant after COVID-19 vaccination. As a preventative measure, we now recommend the use of 1% prednisolone eye drop 4 days before and during 2 weeks after having received any type of COVID-19 vaccine.

Post-operative complications of penetrating corneal keratoplasty in patients with anterior segment toxic syndrome secondary to cataract surgery

INTRODUCTION: Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome (TASS) after cataract surgery may cause severe corneal decompensation that compromises corneal transparency and may require penetrating corneal keratoplasty to improve visual acuity. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the postoperative complications of patients who underwent penetrating corneal transplantation for severe corneal decompensation secondary to TASS after cataract surgery, such as persistent epithelial defect, glaucoma, and primary and secondary transplant button failure. We will also evaluate pre- and postoperative visual acuity, graft survival time, and the presence of anterior chamber disorganization. METHODS: Retrospective observational study in which a review of medical records of 9 patients diagnosed with TASS after cataract surgery who underwent penetrating corneal keratoplasty will occur. RESULTS: In the present study all operated patients had glaucoma after penetrating corneal transplantation, and this presence of glaucoma was not correlated with graft survival time and with any other parameter evaluated. The presence of persistent epithelial defect correlated negatively with visual acuity. CONCLUSION: Postoperative complications of penetrating corneal transplantation in patients with TASS were frequent, such as glaucoma, primary and secondary button failure and persistent epithelial defect. The only complication that compromised visual acuity was the persistent epithelial defect. All patients evolved with glaucoma.

Queratoplastia penetrante con y sin terapia antiviral en la queratopatía herpética / Penetrating keratoplasty with and without antiviral therapy in herpetic keratopathy

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar el resultado óptico o terapéutico de la queratoplastia penetrante en pacientes con queratopatía herpética. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, transversal, donde se expusieron los resultados del alcance de la queratoplastia penetrante por queratopatía herpética, operados en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras", de La Habana. Resultados: La muestra fue de 33 queratoplastias penetrantes. Con fines ópticos sumaron 24 (72,7 por ciento) y tectónicas 9 (27,3 por ciento). En 5 de estas la agudeza visual fue menor o igual a 0,3. En el total de la muestra, 9 opacificaron, 11 sufrieron complicaciones posquirúrgicas, 8 recurrieron en queratoplastias penetrantes ópticas y 6 en queratoplastias penetrantes terapéuticas. Se rechazaron 7 queratoplastias penetrantes ópticas (33,3 por ciento) y 4 queratoplastias penetrantes terapéuticas (4 por ciento). Presentaron complicaciones 5 (25 por ciento) con queratoplastias penetrantes ópticas y 6 (55,6 por ciento) con queratoplastias penetrantes terapéuticas. En el posquirúrgico 22 (66,6 por ciento) tenían agudeza visual mayor o igual a 0,3 (p= 0,0000). Conclusiones: La inactividad de la enfermedad viral corneal beneficia el pronóstico del injerto por queratopatía herpética en las opacidades de las queratoplastias con fines ópticos. Queda demostrado que el uso de antivirales pre y posoperatorios disminuye la recidiva de la enfermedad herpética sobre el injerto y el rechazo, al lograr mejor agudeza visual y mayor viabilidad. La severidad inflamatoria posquirúrgica se asocia con la enfermedad viral activa o afección de origen inmune al realizar el trasplante, conexos a las complicaciones post queratoplastia(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify the optical or therapeutic outcome of penetrating keratoplasty in patients with herpetic keratopathy. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in which a presentation was made of the results of the scope of penetrating keratoplasties for herpetic keratopathy performed at Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital in Havana. Results: The sample was 33 penetrating keratoplasties: 24 optical (72.7 percent) and 9 tectonic (27.3 percent). Visual acuity was lower than or equal to 0.3 in 5 of them. Of the total sample, 9 opacified, 11 had postoperative complications, 8 recurred in optical penetrating keratoplasties, and 6 in therapeutic penetrating keratoplasties. Rejection occurred in 7 optical penetrating keratoplasties (33.3 percent) and 4 therapeutic penetrating keratoplasties (4%). Complications were observed in 5 (25 percent) optical penetrating keratoplasties and 6 (55.6 percent) therapeutic penetrating keratoplasties. In the postoperative period 22 (66.6 percent) had a visual acuity greater than or equal to 0.3 (p= 0.0000). Conclusions: Inactivity of corneal viral disease benefits the prognosis of grafting due to herpetic keratopathy in opacities of optical keratoplasties. Pre- and postoperative antivirals were found to reduce the recurrence of herpetic disease on the graft and rejection, achieving better visual acuity and greater viability. Postoperative inflammatory severity is associated to an active viral disease or an immune disorder at the time of the grafting resulting in post keratoplasty complications(AU)

Seguridad de la queratoplastia lamelar anterior profunda versus queratoplastia penetrante en el tratamiento del queratocono / Safety of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty versus penetrating keratoplasty in the treatment of keratoconus

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar las complicaciones de la queratoplastia lamelar anterior profunda y la queratoplastia penetrante en el tratamiento quirúrgico del queratocono. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico longitudinal prospectivo en 81 pacientes operados de queratoplastia con diagnóstico de queratocono. Las variables analizadas fueron el cilindro, el componente esférico, la densidad celular y las complicaciones en el pre- y en el posoperatorio. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba t de Student para la comparación de medias para datos pareados en el caso de dos valores promedios. Resultados: En el paciente operado de queratoplastia lamelar anterior profunda el cilindro fue -3,50 ± 1,50; y en la queratoplastia penetrante el resultado fue de -2,77 ± 0,98. La densidad celular posoperatoria fue de 2 333,6 cel/mm2 en la queratoplastia lamelar anterior profunda y de 2 269,3 cel/mm2 en la queratoplastia penetrante. En la queratoplastia lamelar anterior profunda el 75 por ciento evolucionó sin complicaciones, y el 82,7 por ciento presentó queratoplastia penetrante. Las complicaciones más frecuentes para la queratoplastia lamelar anterior profunda fueron la microperforación, el glaucoma secundario y el síndrome de Urretz-Zavalia (12,5 por ciento cada uno) y en la queratoplastia penetrante el rechazo endotelial (18,2 por ciento) y el defecto epitelial (9,1 por ciento). Conclusiones: En la queratoplastia lamelar anterior profunda la pérdida celular endotelial es más lenta en el primer año y las complicaciones son escasas(AU)

ABSTRACT Objetive: Compare the complications of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty and penetrating keratoplasty in the surgical treatment of keratoconus. Methods: An analytical prospective longitudinal study was conducted of 81 patients undergoing keratoplasty and diagnosed with keratoconus. The variables analyzed were cylinder, spherical component, cell density, and preoperative and postoperative complications. Statistical analysis was based on Student's t-test for comparison of means for paired data in the event of two average values. Results: Cylinder was -3.50 ± 1.50 for deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty and -2.77 ± 0.98 for penetrating keratoplasty. Postoperative cell density was 2 333.6 cell/mm2 for deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty and 2 269.3 cell/mm2 for penetrating keratoplasty. 75 percent of the patients undergoing deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty and 82.7 percent of those undergoing penetrating keratoplasty evolved without any complication. The most common complications were microperforation, secondary glaucoma and Urretz-Zavalia syndrome (12.5 percent each) for deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, and endothelial rejection (18.2 percent) and epithelial defect (9.1 percent) for penetrating keratoplasty. Conclusions: In deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty endothelial cell loss is slower in the first year and complications are scant(AU)

Ceratoplastias penetrantes realizadas em serviço oftalmológico de referência revisão dos resultados e complicações / Penetrating keratoplasty performed at ophthalmologic reference service review of results and complications

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico, avaliar as complicações e a melhora da acuidade visual em pacientes submetidos a ceratoplastia penetrante na Policlínica de Botafogo-RJ. Métodos: Estudo transversal e retrospectivo, realizado no período de janeiro/2014 a abril/2018, com revisão de 27 prontuários de pacientes submetidos a transplante. Resultado: Dos 27 pacientes avaliados, 15 (55,5%) do sexo masculino e 12 (44,5%) eram do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi 46,7 (Dp 20,2). As indicações para realização de transplante foram úlcera de córnea 6 (22,2%), ceratocone 5 (18,5%), ceratopatia bolhosa 5 (18,5%), ceratopatia em faixa 2 (7,4%), leucoma 2 (7,4%), rejeição, 2 (7,4%), falência primária 1 (3,7%), recidiva da infecção 1 (3,7%), ectasia corneana pós LASIK 1 (3,7%), descemetocele 1 (3,7%) e distrofia granular 1 (3,7%). As principais complicações 4 (26,6%) foram a ocorrência de glaucoma e catarata. Em relação a acuidade visual, no período pré transplante 22 (81.5%) dos pacientes apresentavam a melhor AV corrigida pior ou igual a 20/400. No pós-operatório apenas 9 (33.3%) se mantiveram com a melhor AV corrigida pior ou igual a 20/400. Conclusão: Estudos dessa natureza nos permite o aprimoramento cirúrgico, acompanhamento pós-operatório e cuidado com os pacientes.

Abstract Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile, complications and visual acuity improvement in patients submitted to penetrating keratoplasty in the Policlínica de Botafogo-RJ. Methods: Cross - sectional and retrospective study, carried out from January 2014 to April 2018, with review of 27 charts of patients submitted to transplantation. Results: Of the 27 patients evaluated, 15 (55.5%) were male and 12 (44.5%) were female. Mean age was 46.7 (DP 20.2). The indications for transplantation were corneal ulcer 6 (22.2%), keratoconus 5 (18.5%), bullous keratopathy 5 (18.5%), keratopathy in lane 2 (7.4%), leukoma 2 (7.4%), rejection, 2 (7.4%), primary failure 1 (3.7%), recurrence of infection 1 (3.7%), corneal ectasia after LASIK 1 (3.7%), descemetocele 1 (3.7%) and granular dystrophy 1 (3.7%). The main complications 4 (26.6%) were the occurrence of glaucoma and cataract. Regarding visual acuity, in the pre-transplant period 22 (81.5%) of the patients had the best corrected VA worse than or equal to 20/400. Conclusion: Studies of this nature allow us to improve surgical, postoperative follow-up and patient care.

Rechazo corneal en pacientes operados de queratoplastia penetrante óptica / Corneal rejection in patients undergoing ophthalmic penetrating keratoplasty

Objetivo: describir los factores que infuyen en la aparición del rechazo al trasplante en los pacientes operados de queratoplastia penetrante óptica, en el 1er. año de evolución. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, cuyo universo estuvo constituido por todos los pacientes operados de queratoplastia penetrante óptica en el período comprendido de enero del año 2010 a enero de 2014, quienes fueron sometidos a esta cirugía y que presentaron rechazo al trasplante en el primer año después de operados. Se determinaron los factores pre y transoperatorios, el tiempo de presentación del rechazo, las manifestaciones clínicas y la remisión con tratamiento médico. Resultados: la edad media de presentación fue de 57,34 años, predominio del sexo masculino y procedencia rural. La vascularización en el receptor tuvo mayor porcentaje de presentación, seguido por rechazo previo, afaquia, glaucoma y la utilización de trépanos > 8 mm. Los factores transoperatorios fueron la vitrectomía anterior y la pupiloplastia. La queratopatía bullosa y el leucoma posúlcera fueron los diagnósticos preoperatorios más frecuentes en los casos con rechazo. El tiempo de aparición de este varió entre 7,1 y 10,9 meses. Las manifestaciones clínicas fueron la pérdida de la agudeza visual y el dolor. La remisión del rechazo fue del 87,50 por ciento con diagnóstico preoperatorio de queratocono; 81,82 por ciento con queratopatía bullosa y 80,00 por ciento con leucoma postrauma. Conclusiones: los factores oculares más relevantes en pacientes con rechazo al trasplante fueron la vascularización corneal, el rechazo previo, la afaquia y el glaucoma entre los factores preoperatorios, y la vitrectomía anterior y la pupiloplastia entre los factores transoperatorios(AU)

Objective: describe the factors influencing the appearance of graft rejection in patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty during the first year of evolution. Methods: a retrospective descriptive study was conducted whose universe was composed of all the patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty from January 2010 to January 2014 who developed graft rejection within the first year after surgery. Determination was made of pre- and perioperative factors, time of appearance of the rejection, clinical manifestations and remission with medical treatment. Results: mean age at presentation was 57.34 years, with a predominance of the male sex and rural origin. Vascularization in recipients exhibited a higher percentage of presentation, followed by previous rejection, aphakia, glaucoma and the use of trephines > 8 mm. The perioperative factors were anterior vitrectomy and pupilloplasty. Bullous keratopathy and post-ulcer leucoma were the most common preoperative diagnoses in rejection cases. The time of appearance of rejection ranged from 7.1 to 10.9 months. The clinical manifestations were visual acuity loss and pain. Rejection remission was 87.50 percent with a preoperative diagnosis of keratoconus, 81.82 percent bullous keratopathy and 80.00 percent post-traumatic leucoma. Conclusions: the most relevant preoperative factors in patients with graft rejection were corneal vascularization, previous rejection, aphakia and glaucoma. The most relevant perioperative factors were anterior vitrectomy and pupilloplasty(AU)

Pellucid marginal degeneration: postponing penetrating keratoplasty for over a decade / Degeneração marginal pelúcida: postergando o transplante de córnea em mais de uma década

Abstract Pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD) treatment can be challenging in moderate to advanced cases and penetrating keratoplasty should be avoided due to high risk of complications, such as graft rejection. We report a case of a 30-year-old female patient with PMD that was referred to our service with bilateral low visual acuity, worse in her right eye and contact lenses intolerance. We performed a corneal crescentic lamellar wedge resection that resulted in good useful vision and postponed the keratoplasty for eighteen years.

Resumo A degeneração marginal pelúcida (DMP) é uma ectasia corneana de difícil manejo em casos moderados e avançados. O transplante de córnea penetrante nesses pacientes deve ser evitado ao máximo tendo em vista que a descentração necessária do botão aumenta o risco de vascularização e consequentemente rejeição, além das dificuldades técnicas e possibilidade de deiscência de sutura devido ao afinamento corneano pronunciado característico desta ectasia. Nós relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 30 anos com DMP com queixa de baixa visual bilateral, pior no olho direito e intolerância a lentes de contato. Foi realizada ressecção lamelar em crescente neste olho, com excelente resultado, concedendo visão útil a paciente e postergando o transplante penetrante por dezoito anos.

The reasons for evisceration after penetrating keratoplasty between 1995 and 2015 / As causas de evisceração após ceratoplastia penetrante entre 1995 e 2015

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the indications and frequency of evisceration after penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Methods: The medical records of all patients who underwent evisceration after PK between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2015 at Ankara Training and Research Hospital were reviewed. Patient demographics and the surgical indications for PK, diagnosis for evisceration, frequency of evisceration, and the length of time between PK and evisceration were recorded. Results: The frequency of evisceration was 0.95% (16 of 1684), and the mean age of the patients who underwent evisceration was 56.31 ± 14.82 years. The most common indication for PK that resulted in evisceration was keratoconus (37.5%), and the most common underlying cause leading to evisceration was endophthalmitis (56.25%). The interval between PK and evisceration ranged from 9 to 78 months. Conclusions: Although keratoplasty is one of the most successful types of surgery among tissue transplantations, our findings show that it is associated with a possible risk of evisceration.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as indicações e a frequência de evisceração ocular após cirurgia de ceratoplastia penetrante ou transplante de córnea (PK). Métodos: Foram analisados os registros médicos de todos os pacientes submetidos à evisceração após PK entre 1º de janeiro de 1995 e 31 de dezembro de 2015 no Hospital de Treinamento e Pesquisa de Ankara. Foram registradas a demografia do paciente e as indicações cirúrgicas de PK, diagnóstico de evisceração, frequência de evisceração, tempo entre PK e evisceração. Resultados: A frequência de evisceração foi de 0,95% (16 de 1684) e a média de idade foi de 56,31 ± 14,82 anos. A indicação mais comum para PK que terminou na evis ceração foi o ceratocone (37,5%) e a causa subjacente à evisceração foi a endoftalmite (56,25%). O intervalo entre PK e evisceração variou de 9 a 78 meses. Conclusão: Embora a ceratoplastia seja uma das cirurgias mais bem sucedidas entre os transplantes de tecidos, pode-se deduzir do estudo que não é tão inócua, pois pode evoluir para a evisceração ocular.

Degeneración marginal de Terrien / Terrien marginal degeneration

La degeneración corneal marginal de Terrien es una enfermedad ocular rara, generalmente bilateral y asimétrica, caracterizada por el adelgazamiento marginal de la córnea. Presentamos una paciente de 58 años quien asistió a consulta por lagrimeo y en la biomicroscopia mostraba adelgazamiento y opacidad marginal circunferencial en 360º con línea bien diferenciada de depósitos lipoideos y vascularización periférica nasal. En las imágenes de Scheimpflug se observó espesor corneal central conservado con adelgazamiento periférico. El mapa paquimétrico mostró valores inferiores en la zona nasal que correspondía con áreas de mayor valor queratométrico en el mapa de curvatura y con el área de mayor adelgazamiento por biomicroscopia. Por las características descritas se trata de una degeneración marginal de Terrien. Esta es una enfermedad de curso lento y progresivo, sin afectación de la córnea central, por lo que su pronóstico, en general, es bueno. Aquellos casos en los que se produce descemetocele o perforación periférica pueden necesitar una queratoplastia periférica lamelar penetrante(AU)

Terrien marginal corneal degeneration is a rare eye disease, generally bilateral and asymmetrical, which is characterized by marginal attenuation of the cornea. Here is a 58 years-old patient, who attended the doctor´s office for lachrymation; the biomicroscopy evinced corneal attenuation and 360º circumferencial marginal opacity with a well differentiated line of lipoid deposits and peripheral nasal vascularization. Scheimpflug camera images showed a preserved central corneal thickness with peripheral attenuation. The pachymetric map showed lower values in the nasal area coinciding with areas of higher keratometric value in the curvature map and with the area of greater attenuation according to biomicroscopy. Due to the described characteristics, it has to do with Terrien´s Marginal Degeneration. This is a slow progressive disease, with no effect for the central cornea, so its prognosis is generally good. In those cases where the disease causes decemetocele or peripheral perforation, the patient may need penetrating lamellar peripheral keratoplasty(AU)

Modificaciones corneales posqueratoplastia penetrante óptica / Corneal changes after penetrating optical keratoplasty

Objetivo: determinar las modificaciones de la córnea donante en el primer año de la posqueratoplastia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo de serie de casos en 45 pacientes. Para el procesamiento de las variables se utilizó la prueba de Chi cuadrado con corrección de Yates asociada a pruebas de rangos con signos de Wilcoxon y la prueba de probabilidades exactas de Fischer. Resultados: el diagnóstico más frecuente fue la queratopatía bullosa (35,5 por ciento). La pérdida celular anual fue de 22,8 por ciento; el astigmatismo oblicuo con 61,5 por ciento y la media del cilindro queratométrico de 5,96. En microscopia confocal encontramos ausencia de fibras nerviosas (86,7 por ciento), presencia de queratocitos activados (22,2 por ciento) y haze (11,1 por ciento). Los injertos transparentes correspondieron al 82,2 por ciento. Observamos queratocitos activados en 80 por ciento de córneas no transparentes. El 33,3 por ciento de los leucomas corneales se opacificaron. La complicación más frecuente fue el glaucoma secundario (33,3 por ciento). El 100 por ciento de las úlceras corneales bacterianas evolucionaron a fallo del injerto. Conclusiones: la córnea posqueratoplastia presenta una pérdida celular endotelial anual de 22,8 por ciento, astigmatismo oblicuo, cilindro queratométrico entre 3-6 dioptrías, presencia de queratocitos activados y haze corneal como factores pronósticos de pérdida de transparencia del injerto. El leucoma corneal posúlcera, la queratopatía bullosa como diagnóstico preoperatorio y la úlcera corneal bacteriana como complicaciones provocan pérdida de transparencia del injerto(AU)

Objective: to determine the changes in the donor cornea after one year of keratoplasty. Methods: prospective, longitudinal and descriptive case series study conducted in 45 patients. For variable processing, the study used Yate's corrected Chi-square test associated to Wilcoxon's range test and to Fisher's exact test. Results: the most common diagnosis was bullous keratopathy (35.5 percent). The annual cell loss was 22.8 percent; oblique astigmatism with 61.5 percent and the mean of the keratometric cylinder was 5.96 percent. Using the confocal microscopy, we found lack of nervous fibers (86.7 percent), presence of activated keratocytes (22.2 percent) and haze (11.1 percent). Transparent grafts represented 82.2 percent. Activated keratocytes were observed in 80 percent of non-transparent corneas. In the study, 33.3 percent of corneal leukomas showed opacification. The most common complication was secondary glaucoma (33.3 percent). All the bacterial corneal ulcers evolved into failed graft. Conclusions: after keratoplasty, the cornea showed annual endothelial cell loss of 22.8 percent, oblique astigmatism, 3-6 diopter keratometric cylinder, presence of activated keratocytes and corneal haze as prognostic factors of loss of graft transparency. The post-ulcer corneal leukoma, bullous keratopathy as preoperative diagnosis and bacterial corneal ulcer as main complication cause loss of graft transparency(AU)

Visual rehabilitation using mini-scleral contact lenses after penetrating keratoplasty / Reabilitação visual após transplante penetrante de córnea com lentes de contato mini-esclerais

ABSTRACT Purpose: To report the visual rehabilitation outcomes and complications of patients fitted with mini-scleral rigid gas-permeable (RGP) contact lenses (mini-SCLs) after penetrating keratoplasty. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 27 eyes (21 patients) that were fitted with mini-SCLs between October 2013 and December 2014. We analyzed demographic data, previous corneal disorders, visual outcomes, interval from keratoplasty to contact lens fitting, topographic and specular microscope data, fitted contact lens parameters, and complications. The patients were divided into two groups according to the elapsed time since surgery: Group A, grafts with <10 years (n=14 eyes); and Group B, grafts with ≥10 years (n=13 eyes). Results: Lens use was discontinued in four eyes, and microbial keratitis developed in one eye during follow-up. No corneal graft rejection was observed. The mean interval between grafting and initial contact lens fitting was 10.6 ± 7.3 years (range: 1-29 years). The most frequent reason for keratoplasty was keratoconus (22 eyes, 81.4%). The mean contact lens-corrected visual acuity (CLCVA) was 0.09 ± 0.12 logMar (range: 0.50-0.00 logMar). The average topographic astigmatism, mean steepest keratometry (Kmax), and average cellularity on specular microscopy were 6.19 ± 3.49 diopters (D), 58.4 ± 7.8 D, and 1,231 ± 723 cells/mm2, respectively. Conclusions: Mini-SCL use allowed successful visual rehabilitation after corneal keratoplasty, particularly in patients who required corrective lenses for low visual acuity and were unable to wear RGP contact lenses. Our results indicate that mini-scleral lenses may be an option for the treatment of corneal irregularities, such as those associated with keratoplasty.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a reabilitação visual e complicações com o uso de lentes de contato rígidas gás-permeáveis mini-esclerais em pacientes submetidos ao transplante penetrante de córnea. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 27 olhos (21 pacientes) adaptados com lentes de contato mini-esclerais entre outubro de 2013 e dezembro de 2014. Informações demográficas, doença corneana prévia, acuidade visual, tempo decorrido entre transplante e adaptação da lente, dados topográficos e de microscopia especular, parâmetros da lente de contato adaptada e complicações foram analisadas. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, levando em consideração o tempo decorrido do transplante de córnea: menos de 10 anos (Grupo A, n=14 olhos) e mais de 10 anos (Grupo B, n=13 olhos). Resultados: Quatro olhos desistiram do uso da lente de contato e 1 paciente apresentou quadro de ceratite infecciosa durante o período de acompanhamento. Não ocorreu episódio de rejeição de botão corneano transplantado durante o período avaliado. O tempo médio entre o transplante e a adaptação da lente de contato foi de 10,6 ± 7,3 anos (variação de 1 a 29 anos) e a causa mais frequente de ceratoplastia foi ceratocone (22 olhos, 81,4%). A acuidade visual média corrigida com lente de contato foi de 0,09 ± 0,12 logMar (variação de 0,50 a 0.00 logMar). O astigmatismo topográfico médio foi de 6,19 ± 3,49 dioptrias (D), a ceratometria média mais curva (Kmax) foi 58,4 ± 7,8 D e a celularidade média na microscopia especular foi 1.231 ± 723 células/mm2. Conclusões: Este estudo retrospectivo mostra o sucesso da adaptação de lentes de contato mini-esclerais na reabilitação visual após o transplante de córnea, especialmente em pacientes com baixa acuidade visual com óculos e intolerância ao uso de lentes de contato rígidas gás-permeáveis. Nossos resultados demonstram que as lentes de contato mini-esclerais são um opção para córneas com irregularidades corneanas, assim como aquelas após o transplante de córnea.

Formação de membrana fibrótica cicatricial em paciente submetido à ceratoplastia penetrante / Fibrotic scar membrane formation in patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty

RESUMO O surgimento de uma membrana fibrótica opacificada na córnea transplantada é pouco descrito nas literaturas nacional e mundial. O objetivo é relatar o caso de um paciente com leucoma total de olho esquerdo que foi submetido à ceratoplastia penetrante levando a formação de dupla câmara anterior devido ao surgimento de uma membrana fibrótica cicatricial. Paciente do sexo masculino, 54 anos, com leucoma total secundário a ceratite herpética, diabético há 20 anos, em uso de insulina, com retinopatia diabética não proliferativa. Realizou-se cirurgia de membranectomia com complicações pós-operatória.

ABSTRACT The emergence of opaque fibrotic membrane in transplanted cornea is little described in national and world literature. The goal is to report the case of a patient with leucoma total of left eye that was submitted to the penetrating keratoplasty leading to formation of double anterior chamber due to the emergence of a fibrotic scar membrane. Male patient, 54 years, with total herpetic keratitis secondary leucoma, diabetic for 20 years, using insulin, with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Held membranectomia surgery with postoperative complications.

Update and review of Urrets-Zavalia syndrome / Atualizando e revisando a síndrome de Urrets-Zavalia

ABSTRACT For more than half a century, Urrets-Zavalia syndrome (fixed dilated pupil) has been described as a postoperative complication of ophthalmic surgery. Since first reported as a complication of penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus in patients receiving atropine, the characteristic features of Urrets-Zavalia syndrome have been expanded. In previous literature, a total of 110 cases resulted in a fixed and dilated pupil. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in the immediate postoperative period, phakia, and air or gas in the anterior chamber appear to be the most important risk factors for Urrets-Zavalia syndrome following ophthalmic procedures. Mannitol, IOP control, the removal of air or gas in the anterior chamber, and iridectomy have all demonstrated utility in managing Urrets-Zavalia syndrome.

RESUMO Por mais de meio século, a síndrome de Urrets-Zavalia (pupila fixa e dilatada) foi descrita como uma complicação pós-operatória em oftalmologia. Desde o primeiro relato após ceratoplastia penetrante em pacientes portadores de ceratocone em uso de atropina, seu conceito foi ampliado. Na literatura, um total de 110 casos resultaram em pupila fixa e dilatada. Aumento da pressão intraocular (PIO) no pós-operatório imediato, facia, ar ou gás na câmara anterior parecem ser fatores de risco importantes para o aparecimento da síndrome. Sua prevenção pode ser alcançada com o uso de manitol, controle adequado da PIO e quantidade de ar ou gás na camâra anterior e iridectomia.

Queratopatía cristalina en EL-DSEK / Crystalline keratopathy in EL-DSEK

La queratopatía cristalina es una manifestación poco frecuente y característica, aunque no exclusiva, de queratitis infecciosa por Streptococcus mitis. Provoca un infiltrado intraestromal blanco, con aspecto de cristales de morfología arboriforme, con una mínima respuesta inflamatoria. Se ha relacionado con el uso prolongado de corticoides tópicos, tras queratoplastia penetrante, y presenta una mala respuesta al tratamiento con antibiótico. se presentan dos mujeres de más de 65 años, con antecedentes de endoqueratoplastia (EL-DSEK) por queratopatía bullosa pseudofáquica realizada por cirujanos diferentes, quienes desarrollan un infiltrado intraestromal blanco, con aspecto de cristales de morfología arboriforme, con mínima respuesta inflamatoria. Ante la sospecha de una infección cristalina se instaura tratamiento antibiótico tópico frecuente sin franca mejoría, que requiere queratoplastia penetrante(AU)

Crystalline keratopathy is a rare and characteristic manifestation, although not unique in infectious keratitis for Streptococcus mitis. It causes white stromal infiltrate that resemble arboriform crystals, with minimal inflammatory response. It has been related with the prolonged use of topical corticoids after penetrating keratoplasty and poorly responds to the antibiotic treatment. Two women aged more than 65 years, with history of endokeratoplasty (EL-DSEK) for pseudophakic bullous keratopathy performed by several surgeons, who also developed a white intrastromal infiltrate, similar to arboriform crystals and almost any inflammatory response. When suspecting crystalline infection, frequent topical antibiotic treatment is prescribed with no real improvement, thus requiring penetrating keratoplasty(AU)

Factors Affecting Treatment Outcome of Graft Infection Following Penetrating Keratoplasty

PURPOSE: To evaluate the factors affecting treatment outcome of graft infection following penetrating keratoplasty (PKP). METHODS: In this retrospective study, 28 patients who underwent PKP between January 2005 and January 2013 and who were diagnosed with graft infection were classified into a treatment success group or a treatment failure group. Demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as the results of the microbiologic investigation, were analyzed and compared. A subsequent binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the prognostic factors affecting treatment outcome. RESULTS: Graft infection occurred at a mean of 38.29 +/- 36.16 months (range, 1 to 96 months) after PKP. Seventeen patients developed bacterial keratitis, and 11 patients developed fungal keratitis. Overall, of the 28 patients, nine (32.1%) were classified in the treatment failure group. Multivariate analysis identified pre-existing graft failure (p = 0.019), interval longer than 72 hours between donor death and PKP (p = 0.010), and fungal infection (p = 0.026) as significant risk factors for treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-existing graft failure, extended interval between donor death and PKP, and fungal infection were important risk factors for treatment failure of graft infection following PKP.

Laser-assisted In Situ Keratomileusis for Correction of Astigmatism and Increasing Contact Lens Tolerance after Penetrating Keratoplasty

PURPOSE: To determine effectiveness of laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in the treatment of astigmatism following penetrating keratoplasty (PK). METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of medical records of patients who underwent LASIK following PK and had over 1 year of follow-up data. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients (26 pairs of eyes) underwent LASIK following PK. Mean age of the patients at the time of LASIK was 40.7 years (range, 26 to 72 years). Following LASIK, the mean cylinder was reduced by 2.4 diopters and mean reduction of cylinder after LASIK was 65.4% from the preoperative values at the last follow-up visit. Uncorrected visual acuity became 20 / 50 or better in 69.2% of the eyes after LASIK. Best-corrected visual acuity became 20 / 50 or better in 73.1% of the eyes after LASIK. All of them were intolerable to contact lenses before LASIK. After LASIK, 6 pairs (23.1%) did not need to use contact lenses and 18 pairs (69.2%) were tolerable to using contact lenses or spectacles. There were no significant endothelial cell density changes 12 months after LASIK (p = 0.239). CONCLUSIONS: LASIK is effective in the treatment of astigmatism following PK and increases contact lens and spectacle tolerance.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la queratitis infecciosa en operados de queratoplastia penetrante óptica / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of infectious keratitis in patients operated on by optic penetrating keratoplasty

Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la queratitis infecciosa en la queratoplastia penetrante óptica. Métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva, longitudinal prospectiva, con una muestra de 31 pacientes con diagnóstico de queratitis infecciosa en el injerto corneal, después de una queratoplastia penetrante óptica. Atendidos en el Servicio de Córnea del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer en fecha comprendida de marzo a noviembre del 2010. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, intervalo de tiempo entre la queratoplastia penetrante y el inicio de la infección, factores predisponentes asociados a la queratitis infecciosa, manifestaciones clínicas, complicaciones y estado final del injerto. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino 61,3 por ciento y el grupo de edades de 30-44 años 45,2 por ciento. La mayoría de los casos presentaron una infección tardía, siendo el principal factor predisponente el uso de esteroides tópicos. El síntoma más frecuente fue la secreción 77,4 por ciento y el signo más significativo fue el edema corneal 74,1 por ciento. Predominó la localización periférica del infiltrado 51,6 por ciento, con un tamaño de 1-3 mm 48,4 por ciento y una profundidad hasta el tercio anterior 58,1 por ciento. La complicación más frecuente fue la hipertensión ocular secundaria con un 50 por ciento. El injerto mantuvo la transparencia solo en el 12,9 por ciento de los pacientes. Conclusiones: la queratitis microbiana después del trasplante de córnea es una complicación amenazante para la visión y puede llevar a la pérdida de la transparencia, debido a la formación de cicatriz corneal. Es necesario mantener el control de los factores predisponentes para disminuir la frecuencia de esta complicación

Objective: to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of infectious keratitis in optic penetrating keratoplasty. Methods: prospective, longitudinal, descriptive and observational research of a sample of 31 patients diagnosed with infectious ketatitis in their corneal graft, after undergoing optic penetrating keratoplasty. They had been attended to in the Corneal Service of Ramon Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from March to November 2010. The studied variables were age, sex, time lapse from the penetrating keratoplasty to the starting of infection, predisposing factors associated to infectious keratitis, clinical manifestations, complications and final condition of the graft. Results: males 61.3 percent and 30-44 y age group 45.2 percent were predominant. The majority of cases presented with late infection, being the use of topical steroids the main predisposing factor. The most frequent symptom was secretion 77.4 percent and the most significant sign was corneal edema 74.1 percent. Peripheral location of infiltrates 51.6 percent predominated, with size of 1-3 mm 48.4 percent percent.1 percent. The most common complication was secondary ocular hypertension 50 percent. The graft kept transparency just in 12.9 percent of patients. Conclusions: microbial keratitis after corneal transplantation is a threatening complication for the vision and may lead to loss of transparency due to formation of corneal scar. It is necessary to keep control over the predisposing factors to reduce the frequency of this complication

Topoplastia de Cvintal assistida por laser de femtossegundo / Femtosecond laser-assisted Cvintal topoplasty

Apresentamos um relato de astigmatismo tardio progressivo pós-transplante de córnea para ceratocone, associado à afinamento periférico na junção doador-receptor, o que presumidamente pode ser considerado como recorrência da ectasia. O caso foi tratado por meio de Topoplastia de Cvintal assistida por laser de femtossegundo para a confecção da incisão com geometria "top hat", seguido de sutura com ajuste per-operatório guiado por ceratoscopia...

We present a case of late high progressive astigmatism following penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus, which was associated with peripheral thinning in the donor-receptor area, which may be recognized as recurrence of ectasia. Treatment was accomplished with Cvintal's Topoplasty assisted by femtosecond laser for a "top hat", followed by resuture with peroperative adjustment guided by ceratoscopy...

Endothelial keratoplasty: evolution and horizons / Transplante endotelial de córnea: evolução e horizontes

Endothelial keratoplasty has been adopted by corneal surgeons worldwide as an alternative to penetrating keratoplasty (PK) in the treatment of corneal endothelial disorders. Since the first surgeries in 1998, different surgical techniques have been used to replace the diseased endothelium. Compared with penetrating keratoplasty, all these techniques may provide faster and better visual rehabilitation with minimal change in refractive power of the transplanted cornea, minimal induced astigmatism, elimination of suture-induced complications and late wound dehiscence, and a reduced demand for postoperative care. Translational research involving cell-based therapy is the next step in work on endothelial keratoplasty. The present review updates information on comparisons among different techniques and predicts the direction of future treatment.

O transplante endotelial tem sido utilizado por cirurgiões de córnea em todo o mundo como uma alternativa ao transplante penetrante no tratamento das desordens do endotélio corneano. Desde as primeiras cirurgias em 1998, diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas tem sido utilizadas para substituir o endotélio doente. Comparadas ao transplante penetrante, estas técnicas oferecem uma reabilitação visual melhor e mais rápida com mínima alteração do poder refrativo da córnea transplantada, mínimo astigmatismo induzido, eliminação das complicações induzidas pela sutura e deiscência tardia da incisão, além de menor necessidade de cuidados pós-operatórios. Pesquisas translacionais envolvendo terapias celulares são o próximo passo em transplantes endoteliais. Este artigo contém uma fonte de dados atualizada comparando diferentes técnicas e futuros tratamentos.

AcrySof toric intraocular lens for post-keratoplasty astigmatism.

We report a 63-year-old male who had undergone left eye optical penetrating keratoplasty for central leucomatous corneal opacity 10 years earlier. The eye had clear donor graft with residual astigmatism of –6.50 diopter cylinder (DC) at 30°. The patient underwent clear corneal phacoemulsification with implantation of +6.0 D spherical equivalent AcrySof SN60T9 intraocular lens (IOL). Postoperatively, at 10 months, the patient had distance corrected visual acuity of 20/30 with –2.00 DC at 20°. AcrySof toric IOL offers an effective treatment option for post-keratoplasty high corneal astigmatism in patients with cataract.